分詞就是具有動(dòng)詞及形容詞二者特征的詞，尤指以-ing或-ed,-d,-t,-en或-n結(jié)尾的英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞性形容詞，具有形容詞功能，同時(shí)又表現(xiàn)各種動(dòng)詞性特點(diǎn)，如時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、帶狀語(yǔ)性修飾語(yǔ)的性能及帶賓詞的性能。分詞分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞兩種，是一種非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式。現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞主要差別在于：現(xiàn)在分詞表示“主動(dòng)和進(jìn)行”，過(guò)去分詞表示“被動(dòng)和完成”（不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞不表示被動(dòng)，只表示完成）。分詞可以有自己的狀語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或邏輯主語(yǔ)等。
類(lèi)型
一般式doing
一般被動(dòng)式being done
完成式having done
完成被動(dòng)式having been done
所有否定式都是在－ing前面加not,過(guò)去分詞done
綜述
作狀語(yǔ)
分詞在句子中作狀語(yǔ)，可以表示時(shí)間、條件、原因、結(jié)果、讓步、方式、伴隨等。
分詞（短語(yǔ)）作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)應(yīng)與句中主語(yǔ)相一致。當(dāng)現(xiàn)在分詞表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前時(shí)，則用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式；當(dāng)所表示動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，則用現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式。完成或被動(dòng)關(guān)系用過(guò)去分詞。
（1）現(xiàn)在分詞The students went out of the classroom,laughing and talking.
（2）過(guò)去分詞 Accompanied by his friend,he went to the railway station. Given better attention,the plants could grow better.
"while ( when,once,until,if,though等從屬連詞)+分詞"結(jié)構(gòu)
現(xiàn)在分詞或過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，有時(shí)可以在分詞前加while，when,once,although,until,if等從屬連詞。
When leaving the airport,she waved again and again to us. While waiting for the train,I had a long talk with my sister about her work……
Once recovered,he threw himself into his work and made every effort to do it well.
Although working very hard,he failed to pass the final exam. If translated word by word,the passage will be difficult to understand.
作定語(yǔ)
分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，具有形容詞的性質(zhì)。單個(gè)的分詞通常放在被修飾的名詞之前，分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)，置于被修飾詞的后面。現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)、進(jìn)行意義，及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)表示被動(dòng)、完成意義，不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)只表示完成意義。
??We will go on with our experiment as soon as we get the added fund.
??This is really an exhausting day to all of us!
??We can see the part of the moon lighted by sunlight.
??After a night spent in excitement and sleeplessness,I forced myself to take a long walk along the beach the next day.
??More and more developing countries established strategic partnership with developed countries
作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
現(xiàn)在分詞在see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find, glimpse, glance等感官動(dòng)詞和look at, listen to等短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞以及使役動(dòng)詞have后面，與名詞或代詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)，作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的成分，有三種形式，即動(dòng)詞原形，現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞。
動(dòng)詞原形表主動(dòng)和完成，現(xiàn)在分詞表主動(dòng)或正在進(jìn)行，過(guò)去分詞表被動(dòng)或完成。
作表語(yǔ)
分詞作表語(yǔ)通常看作形容詞來(lái)用。現(xiàn)在分詞表示主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)，特征；過(guò)去分詞表示主語(yǔ)的感受或狀態(tài)，主語(yǔ)多為人。
例：The situation is encouraging.
The theory sounds quite convincing.
現(xiàn)在分詞
做表語(yǔ)
??He was very amusing.
??That book was rather boring.
很多動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞都可以作表語(yǔ)：
exciting, interesting, encouraging, disappointing, confusing, touching, puzzling.
作定語(yǔ)
上面所出現(xiàn)的現(xiàn)在分詞都可以用作定語(yǔ), 修飾一個(gè)名詞：
??That must have been a terrifying experience.
??I found him a charming person.
現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)還可以放在名詞的后面修飾名詞, 相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句：
??There are a few boys swimming in the river.
??There is a car waiting outside.
作狀語(yǔ)
現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)可以表示一個(gè)同時(shí)發(fā)生的次要的或伴隨的動(dòng)作：
??Following Tom,we started to climb the mountain.
??Opening the drawer,he took out a box.
??Taking a key out of his pocket,he opened the door.
現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)還可以表示原因,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句：
??Not knowing her address,we couldn’t get in touch with her.
??Being unemployed,he hasn’t got much money.
現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)還可以表示時(shí)間,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句：
??Hearing the news,they all jumped with joy.
??Returning home,he began to do his homework.
??Jim hurt his arm while playing tennis.
??Be careful when crossing the road.
??Having found a hotel,we looked for somewhere to have dinner.
??Having finished her work,she went home.
作賓補(bǔ)
現(xiàn)在分詞在一些動(dòng)詞之后可以做賓語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)語(yǔ)：
例如, see, hear, catch, find, keep , have 等.
??I see him passing my house every day.
??I caught him stealing things in that shop.
??I smelt something burning.
??She kept him working all day.
過(guò)去分詞
作表語(yǔ)
??We were so bored that we couldn’t help yawning.
??She felt confused, and even frightened.
??They were very pleased with the girl.
??I’m satisfied with your answer.
??He is not interested in research.
作定語(yǔ)
??She has a pleased look on her face.
??The teacher gave us a satisfied smile.
??cooked food
??a written report
??fried eggs
??boiled H?O
??frozen food
??armed forces
??required courses
??fallen leaves
??finished products
??a forced smile
??the risen sun
??newly arrived visitors
??What’s the language spoken in that country?
??They're problems left by the history.
??The play put on by the teachers was a big success.
??Is there anybody injured?
??Do you know the number of books ordered?
作狀語(yǔ)
??Seen from the hill, the city looks magnificent.
??Given good health, I hope to finish the work this year.
??They came in, followed by some children.
??Depressed, he went to see his elder sister.
??When treated with kindness, he was very amiable.
作賓補(bǔ)
過(guò)去分詞也同樣可以作賓語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，接在某些動(dòng)詞后面
??I will have the clothes washed tomorrow.
??When they get back home, they found the room robbed.
鞏固練習(xí)
（ ） 1. __________ with the best students, I still have a long way to go.
A. Having compared B. To compare C. Compared D. Compare
（ ） 2. The music of the 電影 _________ by him sounds so ___________ .
A. playing, exciting B. played, excited C. playing, excited D. played, exciting
（ ） 3. __________ against the coming 颶風(fēng), they didn't dare leave home.
A. Warned B. Having warned C. To warn D. Warn
（ ） 4. In __________ countries, you can’t always make yourself _______ by speaking English.
A. English-speaking, understand B. English-spoken, understand
C. English-speaking, understood D. English-spoken, understood
（ ）5. After _____________ the old man, the doctor suggested that he ___________ a bad cold.
A. examining, should catch B. examined, had caught
C. examining, had caught D. examined, catch
（ ） 6. _____________ , Tom jumped into the river and had a good time in 信息技術(shù)
A. Be a good swimmer B. Being a good swimmer
C. Having been good swimmer D. To be a good swimmer
（ ） 7. ________ how to read the new words, I often look them up in the dictionary.
A. Having not known B. Not to know C. Don’t know D. Not knowing
（ ） 8. As his parent, you shouldn’t have your child ___________ such a book.
A. read B. to read C. reading D. be reading
（ ） 9. He returned from abroad ______________ that his 母親 had been badly ill.
A. heard B. having been heard C. having phoned D. having been phoned
答案:
1. C 2. D 3. A 4. C 5. C 6. B 7. D 8. A 9. D
參考資料 >